9. Sodium-Ion Batteries as a Strategic Alternative

BackgroundWhile lithium-ion batteries dominate global energy storage, concerns over critical mineral dependency, high costs, and geopolitical risks have renewed interest in sodium-ion batteries as a strategic alternative. Key Highlights • Lithium-ion batteries rely heavily on lithium, cobalt and nickel, minerals where India lacks upstream capacity. • Sodium-ion batteries use abundantly available sodium, making them cheaper and geopolitically safer. • They are safer (lower fire risk) and perform better in high-temperature conditions. • Largely compatible with existing lithium-ion manufacturing infrastructure, reducing transition costs. • Global sodium-ion manufacturing capacity is expanding rapidly, especially in grid-scale storage. Value Addition • Reduces India’s dependence on critical mineral imports, strengthening supply-chain resilience. • Particularly suitable for stationary storage, renewable integration, and electric two/three-wheelers. • Supports India’s long-term energy transition and strategic autonomy. Key Definition • Energy Density: The amount of energy stored per unit mass or volume of a battery. Policy Framework • National Mission on Transformative Mobility: Promotes advanced battery technologies and domestic manufacturing. Conclusion Sodium-ion batteries offer India a cost-effective, safer, and strategically secure energy storage option, complementing lithium-based systems. UPSC Relevance • GS-3: Technology, energy security, critical minerals