10. Urban Heat Island Effect and Climate Modelling

Background A recent study indicates that Indian cities are warming faster than projected, raising concerns about the adequacy of existing climate models. Key Findings • Medium-sized cities exhibit the most severe heat amplification. • The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect intensifies local temperatures beyond surrounding rural areas. • Heightened risks of heat stress, public health crises, and water scarcity. • Existing climate models may underestimate urban heat impacts. Value Addition (Urban Governance Angle) • 18 Indian cities were analysed, showing systemic urban vulnerability. • Heat stress disproportionately affects urban poor, elderly, and informal workers. • Highlights need for: o Heat Action Plans o Urban greening and reflective surfaces o Climate-sensitive urban design Constitutional Framework • Article 48A: State’s duty to protect and improve the environment. Key Definition • Urban Heat Island Effect: Phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural regions due to human activities and built environments. Conclusion Urban planning must integrate climate resilience and adaptation strategies to safeguard health, productivity, and sustainability. UPSC Relevance: GS Paper III – Climate change, disaster management, urban planning